Albert Einstein A Genius and a Creator - Free Essay Example

Why is the sky blue? Albert Einstein answered this question and many other questions during his lifetime. Albert Einstein is one of the greatest and most influential scientists to ever walk the Earth. His decision to go into the scientific field changed the way people have been living for the past 125 years. He is one of the greatest physicists ever and we are still feeling the affects of his theories and experiments. Albert Einstein was born March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany. In his early school days his teacher thought that he was mentally challenged because he could not speak well until he was nine years old. He was born to a Jewish family and was Jewish himself. At an early age he realized how much he enjoyed mathematics. By the time he graduated from the Federal Institute of Technology (FIT) in 1900 he started to become more interested in physics than in mathematics. After he finished college Albert Einstein was hired as an inspector in Bern, Switzerland and got married and had two kids. In 1901 Albert Einstein became a Swiss citizen. After he got his doctoral degree in physics he started to write articles about relativity and other scientific topics. These papers made Einstein famous, and universities soon began competing for his services. In 1909, after serving as a lecturer at the University of Bern, Einstein was called as an associate professor to the University of Zurich. Two years later he was appointed a full professor at the German University in Prague, Czechoslovakia. (https:// www.notablebiographies.com/Du-Fi/ Einstein-Albert.html). Albert Einstein chose to go back to The Federal Institute of Technology to teach. In 1905 Albert Einstein formulated the equation E=mc^2, which means energy is equaled to mass times the speed of light. In this year he also invented the law of photoelectric effect, the ejection of electrons from a surface in response to light. 1905 became known as Albert Einsteins Wonderful Year. In 1915 he completed the Theory of Relativity, in this theory he determined that large objects like the sun or the moon cause a distortion in space time, which is known as gravity. It was published the following year. Also in 1916, Einstein came up with the idea of stimulated emission, when more atoms occupy a higher energy state than a lower one under normal temperature equilibrium , it is possible to force atoms to return to an unexcited state by stimulating them with the same energy as would be emitted naturally. (Einstein, Albert) Albert Einstein created many theories. He felt, We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them. (Einstein, Albert) He belie ved in thinking about things in depth and in different ways. This was a new way of thinking. Albert Einstein was not just a leader in the science world. He was also a humanitarian. Another famous quote of is is, Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile. (Einstein, Albert) He consistently spoke out against war and violence. Even before World War 1 he was known as a pacifist. When World War 1 started he wrote an anti war declaration. He wanted other scientists to sign it. The stress of the conflict during wartime caused Albert to get sick in 1917. He continued to work even though he lost 50 pounds in two months. Although Albert did not support Germany and what they were doing, he would not stand by the League of Nations and their harsh reparations towards Germany. A quote from Albert Einstein that supports his decision is, Unthinking respect for authority is the greatest enemy of truth. (Einstein,Albert) He demonstrated this quote many times with his words and his actions. When Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany and started sending people to Concentration Camps, Einstein was trying to escape because he found out that he was on an assassination list. In 1933 when World War II was beginning, Einstein was already in America. He stayed and later became an American citizen in 1940. He became a professor at Princeton, which is one of the most prestigious colleges in America and in the World. Albert Einstein was an influence on the creation of the Atomic bomb used by America on Japan. He did not help create it, but his Special Theory of Relativity made the possibility evident. Although he did believe the bomb should be built because of the concern that the Germans were making such a bomb, he did not agree with the way that the Americans decided to use the bomb. A single bomb of this type, carried by boat and exploded in a port, might very well destroy the whole port together with some of the surrounding territory. However, such bombs might very well prove too heavy for transportation by air. (Albert Einstein). This quote was taken from a letter that Einstein wrote to President Roosevelt warning him about some of the possible outcomes of making these bombs. He was saying that the bomb is very dangerous to make and have around you because one mistake or misstep it could cause unwanted mass destruction. Later, Einstein wrote, I have always condemned the use of the atomic bomb against Japan.(Otto,Nathan Heinz, Norden, editors, Einstein on Peace,pg.580) Towards the end of his life, Albert Einstein publicly supported nuclear disarmament. He wanted people to use new technology responsibly. He stated, Concern for man and his fate must always form the chief interest of all technical endeavors. Never forget this in the midst of your diagrams and equations. (Einstein, Albert) This is another example of his humanitarianism. On April 18, 1955, Albert Einstein died from an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which caused internal bleeding. He wanted to be cremated but it became know that a pathologist actually stole his brain during the autopsy. He was hoping he could find the reason behind Albert Einsteins intelligence. Later his brain was cut into pieces and given to different scientists for research. Pieces of his brain are now on display and the Mtter Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Studies have shown that there are specific differences in Einsteins brain than other brains that were studied. This could be a reason for his superior intelligence over other people. Albert Einstein received many honors because of his contributions to physics. He received a doctorate for his first paper about the Brownian Movement, which is a random movement of microscopic particles suspended in liquids or gases resulting from the impact of molecules of the surrounding medium (Merriam Webster). Another award is the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921, After his death, Albert Einstein was named person of the century by the Time Magazine. They acknowledged both his academic accomplishments as well as his many humanitarian ideologies and beliefs. In 1984 the Albert Einstein World Award of Science was first awarded, it recognizes scientific and technological advances and encourages their development. Albert Einstein has such a huge affect on us today because many of his theories have resulted in essential items we use. If it was not for the Theory of Relativity, GPS navigators would be off by kilometers. Laser device technology stems from Albert Einsteins theory of stimulated emission. Because of this people are able to read a bar code and even perform specific surgeries. The law of the Photoelectric Effect, which he received the Nobel Prize for, is responsible for solar panels, automatic street lamps, breathalyzer tests, as well as preventing elevator doors from closing on someone. Albert Einsteins equations have actually been used on Wall Street because of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. A person who never made a mistake never tried anything new.(Albert Einstein) This famous quote by Albert Einstein emphasizes his beliefs that without failures people would not have the success that they are capable of having. Albert Einstein had many successes in his life. The world still feels his contributions to this day. Why is the sky blue? In 1911 Einstein calculated a formula that explained the scattering of light from molecules that causes the sky to be blue. It is obvious that Albert Einsteins achievements have impacted our world to this day. To this day he is still one of the most influential people over the last 125 years because of his scientific endeavors as well as his humanitarianism ideologies.

Abraham Lincoln and his legacy - Free Essay Example

Born on February 12th,1809 to parents Nancy and Thomas Lincoln is Abraham Lincoln, Americas future president. He was born in Hardin County, Kentucky. His mother later died on October 5th, 1818 from tremetol, a milk sickness. All Abraham had left was his father. His schooling was brief as he had to work to help support his family. Abraham hated the hard work he was subjected to at such a young age. While Abraham was completely devastated by his mothers death, his father moved on quite quickly. Lincolns father married a widow, Sarah Bush Johnston on December 1819. Abraham bonded with her in no time because of the affection that was given to him. Abraham and his family had to move to southern Illinois because of a land dispute which took place in 1817. They ended-up squatting on the new land as his father had no money to purchase it. In 1830, the family moved to Macon County, Illinois and again to Coles County. At the age of twenty-two, Lincoln got a job to haul freight down the Mississippi to New Orleans on a river flatboat. After he moved to New Salem, Illinois on his own and got a job as a shopkeeper, postmaster and then general store owner. It was there the journey began. Lincoln acquired the necessary social skills and popularity from his story-telling. In 1832 the Black Hawk War broke out between the Native Americans and the United States and the people in the area chose Lincoln to be their Captain. He then became very interested in Politics and a supporter of the Whig Party. In 1834, he was elected as a member of the Whig Party. Lincoln had this great plan for the United States where they focused more on cities and commerce. Abraham Lincoln passed his bar exam in 1836 from teaching himself law. He worked as a lawyer in Springfield and made himself the reputation as ?Honest Abe. The next important event in his early life is his marriage because on November 4th, 1842 he married Mary Todd.

Byrne and Frew vs. Australian Airlines - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1937 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? CONTRACT LAW 1 Name: Professor: Course Code: Date of Submission: Paper Outline: Introductionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.3 What is contract law? Macaulay and Macneil on contracts Relational contract theory Purpose of the paper Case law of Byrne and Frewà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦3 Concept of implied Terms and Relational Contractsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦4 Relational Contracts and Byrneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..6 Conclusionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢ ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..8 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Byrne and Frew vs. Australian Airlines" essay for you Create order Summary of the points identified. Referencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..9 Introduction: Contracts refer to agreements creating obligations that are enforceable by law. The basic elements that constitute a contract are consideration, mutual assent, legality, and capacity (Barker, 2000). Macaulay and Macneil identify another perspective of contracts, by introducing relational contract theory (Macneil and Evanston, 2013). A relational contract is a type of contract that is built upon the relationship of trust between parties concerned. Under this theory, parties involved in a commercial contract are engaged in creating a long term relationship, affecting the manner in which they w ill associate with one another. This paper examines whether relational contract gives an adequate explanation on the reasons as to why the High Court did not imply terms when analyzing the case of Byrne and Frew against Australian airlines. This paper takes a stand that relational contract does not give an adequate explanation on why the court refused to imply the terms identified. The Case of Byrne and Frew: In the case of Bryne and Frew vs. Australian Airlines, the main issue that the court was to determine on the relationship between an individual employment contract, and an award from the industrial court. The two appellants were employed by the Australian airline company. They were dismissed on assertions that they interfered with luggages of the airline customers. This is after they were captured by the secret cameras, interfering with luggages. They sued the airline company for purposes of recovering damages, because of a statutory provision of clause 11 (a) which provi ded that the termination of an employment contract should not be unjust, unreasonable, or harsh (Gooley, Radan and Vickovich, 2007). Their main argument was that clause 11 (a) is an implied term in an employment contract, and on this basis, the company breached these terms by dismissing them through a harsh and unjust manner. In coming up with a judgment, the court denoted that terms can either be implied by law, or by fact. The court gave an opinion that the test of an implied term in a formal contract is established by the case of BP refinery vs. Hastings Shire Council (Ellinghaus, 2007). Terms that are implied by fact must pass the test of equitable and reasonableness, have a clear expression, obvious, consistent, and must pass the test of business efficacy. These terms did not pass the obvious test, and hence they cannot be implied. Implied Terms and Relational Contracts: An implied term refers to the legal provisions that are not directly identified by a spoken word, b ut introduced in a contract through courts as a necessary method to give meaning to the intentions of a contracting party. It is possible to imply a term in a contract through law. This is depicted in the 1977 case of the city council of Liverpool vs. Irwin (Ellinghaus, 2007). Under this case, the tenants lived in a fifteen storey tower, whose lifts did not work, and stairs in a bad condition. Tenants refused to pay, citing that the council had a duty to keep the common parts of the building in a decent manner. The court was to rule on whether maintaining the common parts of a building was the responsibility of the landlord or not (Barker, 2000). Lord Wilberforce was very categorical by denoting that it was necessary for tenants to live in a house maintained by the landlord (Willmott and Butler, 2013). The court gave a ruling that an implied word under this scenario must pass the test of necessity (Willmott and Butler, 2013). The words, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“taking reasonable careà ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã‚  passes this test. The question to ask; what is reasonable care under this circumstance? The court ruled that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“reasonable careà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is dependent on what tenants should do for themselves (Willmott and Butler, 2013). It was the duty of tenants to take care of the landlordà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s property, and hence these terms could be implied. It is also possible to imply contract by facts. Justice Mason, in giving a ruling in Codelfa construction vs. State Rail Authority, denotes that it is appropriate to imply a term, if it is obvious. In determining an obvious situation, the court will use the bystander test. This is a test in which the court might try to find the opinion of a neutral person. Codelfa was contracted by the railway authority, and he was allowed to work around the clock (Gooley, Radan and Vickovich, 2007). However, an injunction prevented him from working on Sundays, and during the night. The court refused to recognize the terms à ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã…“authority would indemnify any additional costs, if their working hours was affectedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  because they were not obvious (Gooley, Radan and Vickovich, 2007). It is also possible to imply a contract by customs. This is contained in a decision arrived by the court in Con-Stan industries vs. Norwich Winterthur Insurance. The judges denoted à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“that it is possible to imply a term based on the custom, provided that there is considerable evidence that the custom under consideration is well established in that industry, and a contract in that situation can be assumed to have borrowed the term, and incorporated it in the contractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Gooley, Radan and Vickovich, 2007). Though this ruling, the judges agreed that an established custom in a particular industry can be implied in a contract that governs relations in the industry under consideration. Under this case, Con-Stan hired an insurance broker, Norwich, who was approved by the insurance compan y. Norwich went into liquidation and Con-Stan sued for unpaid premium, denoting that it was the customs of the insurance industry, for people to pay premiums to brokers. The court ruled that the custom identified is not recognized within the industry. Relational contract views a contract as a relation, rather than a transaction (Gooley, Radan and Vickovich, 2007). The basic characteristic of a relational contract is that there must be mutual trust, respect, and good faith amongst the parties engaged in the contract. It is impossible to conduct a relational contract without the use of implied terms. Bryne and Frew and Relational Contracts: There are a variety of reasons given as to why the High Court refused to imply the terms harsh, unjust and unfair in the case of case of Byrne and Frew against Australian airlines. One of the decisions given by the High Court is that the words unjust, unfair and harsh treatment was not implied in circumstances of the case under considerati on. This is after Justice Hill, of the Federal Court found out that Australian airlines did carry out a proper investigation on the conduct of the accused, and it specified the type of misconduct they were accused for. Further on, Justice Hill was able to denote that Australian airline proved that it gave the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s time to defend themselves against the allegations (Gooley, Radan and Vickovich, 2007). In the Australian legal system, there are very few laws that explain the concept of a fair procedure under employment contracts. In Bryne and Frew, the appellants appealed against the lower courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decision that Australian airlines followed the correct procedure, and was fair in dismissing the appellants. Carter (2006) identifies the following facts that the courts normally consider when identifying a correct procedure, Notifying the employee on the accusations against him or her. Giving them an opportunity to defend themselves. Carrying out proper investigations. Solving the case in the same manner that previous similar cases have been solved. It is these procedures that Bryne and Frew argued that the company breached. However, in defending themselves, Australian airlines argued that in circumstances where the court finds out that the company breached the procedures of employment, then the court should consider that the words harsh, fair and unjust are not implied words, and hence they are not part of the employment contract. The court agreed on this assertion by Australian airlines, and refused to imply those terms in the contract. By refusing to imply these words, and relying more on express words, and statutes, the court did not use the principles of relational contract theory in coming up with their decisions (Paterson and Duke, 2012). It is important to denote that an employment contract is an example of a relational contract, and this is because it does not create rigid conditions and terms when it is being initiated. However, it creates an evolving relationship, whereby parties agree to cooperate with each othe r, for their mutual benefits (Gooley, Radan and Vickovich, 2007). On this basis, an important characteristic of a relational contract is that parties agree to cooperate with each other, based on the principles of good faith. By refusing to imply those words in an employment contract, the court affected this principle of good faith. This ruling limited the kind of damages that employees could get. This had an effect of limiting the applications of the ruling contained in Gregory vs. Philips (Butler, Duke and Wilmott, 2013). According to the principles of good faith in the employment law, employees expect an employer to treat them fairly, and in a just manner. These are implied expectations, and they are not expressed. By refusing to imply these words, the courts played a role in destroying this principle of good faith, a major characteristic of relational contracts. A relational contract is also based on mutual trust and confidence. This is a major principle that guides an employm ent contract, and if it is breached, this trust and confidence amongst the parties to the contract would be destroyed. By recognizing that Australian airline breached the procedures of dismissing employees, and then refusing to imply the words harsh, unjust and unfair, in an employment contract, did not help in creating a sense of mutual trust and confidence to the employer (Gooley, Radan and Vickovich, 2007). This had an effect of portraying the company, as one which does not carter for the need of its employees. Conclusion: In conclusion, the court refused to honor the implied term, basically relying on the law, and express facts. In refusing to honor this term, the court was of the opinion that the word, harsh, unfair, and unjust did not satisfy the test that allows terms to be implied by law. For a term to be able to be implied by law, it has to satisfy two major conditions; applicable to a defined and specific category of contracts, and suitable in a manner that it would be applied in all similar contracts. The test of necessity had to be used under this scenario. The case did not pass this test, and hence, these words could not be implied. Furthermore, the terms identified did not pass the bystander test. The term harsh, unjust and unfair are not very obvious, or necessary for the contract under consideration to operate. On this basis, it could not be implied. References: Barker, D. (2000). Essential Australian Law. London: Routledge Cavendish Australia. Butler, C., Duke, S., Wilmott, C. (2013). Contract Law: Case Book,. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Carter, J. W. (2006). Carters guide to Australian contract law. Chatswood, NSW: LexisNexis. Ellinghaus, M. P. (2007). Australian cases on contract (2007 ed.). Melbourne, Vic.?: Code Press. Gooley, J., Radan, P., Vickovich, I. (2007). Principles of Australian contract law: cases and materials. Chatswood, NSW: LexisNexis Butterworths. Macneil, I. R., Evanston, I. (201 3). Relational contract theory: unanswered questions : a symposium in honor of Ian R. MacNeil.. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Paterson, J., Duke, A. (2012). Principles of Contract Law,. Sidney: Thomson Reuters,. Willmott, C., Butler,, D. (2013). Contract Law, (4 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. References:

Chapter Summaries Of The Giver - 989 Words

Chapter 11- The Giver places his hands on Jonas and gives him his first real memory. A the beginning, Jonas is scared he will fall asleep. He was suddenly cold, and the air was changing. His breath was cold, his tongue suddenly touched the cold air. He was now filled with energy he was no longer frightened. The hands are no longer felt on Jonas’s back. Jonas sticks out his tongue and catches a snowflake on his tongue. The sensation makes him smile. Half his brain knows that he was still in the Annex Room, but the other half was now in a new world, sitting atop of a flat hard surface- a sled. His hands now felt a rough damp rope he could see. He knew his eyes were actually closed, but cold air swirled around him feeling like cold fur. He could see his breath, he now perceived the word snow. He was high up, but he sat on the hard flat object. Then he perceived the word sled. He now perceives the word hill. He felt himself going downhill, he did not need a voice to explain the ex perience. The experience explains itself. His face rips through the cold air. He is perceiving new words as he slides down the hill. He can feel the hill-flattening, nearing the bottom. The motion slows, and snow piles around the sled. Jonas pushes his body, moving it forward. He did not want the ride to end, but the snow was too thick and heavy, piling fast, for the sled to continue moving. The memory is over. 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Comforting noise,Read MoreThemes from Genesis 1-111238 Words   |  5 Pagesfeatures; and ‘The Law of Moses , emphasizing the human mediator as its defining feature. The Pentateuch has two basic divisions: The first eleven chapters of Genesis deal with the earth and human race, nature and purpose of humanity, intrusion of sin into God s good creation,judgement and the hope of redemption. Genesis chapter 12 to Deuteronomy chapter 34 deal with Yahweh Covenant, Abraham posterity, Divine election and blessing, and the grant of a ‘promised land . 2. The Pentateuchal GenresRead MoreUsing Video Based Techniques For Children Essay1198 Words   |  5 Pagesof Assignment 1: Critique of Artefact Resubmission Date: 09/10/2015 Title: What’s special about teaching and learning in the first years? INVESTIGATING THE â€Å"WHAT, HOWS AND WHYS† OF RELATIONAL PEDAGOGY WITH INFANTS AND TODDLERS Summary: According to the study, Researchers from TLRI and teachers came together to find solution to the key issue of understanding and articulating the â€Å"what, hows and whys† of infants and toddlers to support learning. Two hour video footage and learningRead MoreThe Role and Function of the Holy Spirit in the book of Romans2597 Words   |  11 Pagesimaginary interlocutor concerning the Problem of Flesh and Death in chapter 8. It is this indwelling and empowering which is at the very heart of all that will be discussed in this paper. For the purpose of this discussion the following functions of the Spirit will be investigated as they pertain to the outworking of the Christian existence: As the outpouring of Gods love (5:5) As the assurance and hope of future glory (8:23) As the giver of new life (7:6, 8:11) As the believers aid in fulfilling

Universal Health Care - 1668 Words

Benefit of universal healthcare to the society. It will be difficult to imagine life without health care. Health care today has become a serious issues, and concern because the vast medical costs. The private insurances company denying treatment bills and these have become the concern of the government of United State. The Government has been trying to reform the health care by introducing a universal health care system. A system whereby a basic health needs, can be given to people without denying and pay the cost. But their some groups that think the system is not the right for choice for the Americans. The new health care law builds on what works in our health care system. And it fixes what’s broken by making improvements in several†¦show more content†¦This system minimizes the cost of spending. In todays healthcare, little money is been put in for preventive, with this system this system of the government(Jefferson and other 805).For example, it gives free prev entive services. . Preventative care are more accessible and can function well to reduce the costs. The people will be able to seek the preventive treatment, this means people will be test, and check-ups before falling ill, that is their condition will be pick up at an early stage, and be treat. A person with high cholesterol level can be detect before it causes advance illness. In this system, there is no dollar limit for people with long time illness. For example, people are being denying treatment for reaching the dollar limit from their coverage with current insurance, there are no limit to dollar in this system. The act will end the insurance companies from taking advantage of their customer and putting lifetime on their coverage. For example, people get hooked up in their insurance contracts every year. Unlucky consumers got letters from their insurers, telling the consumers that their coverage were running out without been concern about what is going on with their health, suc h as; cancer person still in for chemotherapy or maybe the consumer is waiting for serious surgery. People have better care and peace of mind because the law of universal health care has removed the loads on people. The system also give discount to brand nameShow MoreRelatedUniversal Health Care1154 Words   |  5 PagesUniversal Health Care is defined as the belief that all citizens should have access to affordable, high-quality medical care (Anderson, 2013). Currently there are 46 million that do not have health coverage in the United states and this would drastically increase to 72 million if a health reform was not passed (The Economic Case for Health Care Reform, 2012)Why the United States is the last to adopt this government mandated insurance coverage, is possibly one of the most widely asked question aroundRead MoreUniversal Health Care730 Words   |  3 PagesIn 2007, more than 45 million Americans did not have health care insurance. The United States is the only indust rialized major nation in the world without health care, and the debate about changing that has become a popular issue recently. The sharp difference between the two sides is a difference in ethical values; those for universal health care desire to see the government help others, mainly the lower class, and those who do not, wish that private companies be allowed to continue taking advantageRead MoreUniversal Health Care : Universal Healthcare1615 Words   |  7 Pages Universal Healthcare in the USA The campaign for some form of universal health care has spanned practically a century in the USA and has been the subject of political debate since the early part of the 20th century. Recent reforms remain an active and urgent political issue. Universal Health Care has been one of the leading public issues in America and in recent times this issue has risen to theRead MoreUniversal Health Care1792 Words   |  8 PagesUniversal Healthcare Systems Abstract In 2007, more than 45 million Americans did not have health care insurance. The United States is the only industrialized nation in the world without health care, and the debate about changing that has become a popular topic recently. The difference between the two sides is a difference in values; those for universal health care desire to see the government help others, and those who do not, wish that private companies be allowedRead MoreUniversal Health Care : Universal Healthcare1740 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Universal health care, sometimes referred to as universal health coverage, universal coverage, or universal care, usually refers to a health care system which provides health care and financial protection to all citizens of a particular country. It is organized around providing a specified package of benefits to all members of a society with the end goal of providing financial risk protection, improved access to health services, and improved health outcomes. Universal health care is not aRead MoreThe United States And Universal Health Care1582 Words   |  7 PagesStates and Universal Health Care: Should the U.S. Make the Switch? The United States has one of the largest, most complex health care systems in the world. Although the U.S. is among the wealthiest nations in the world, it is far from the healthiest and falls behind other developed nations in terms of healthcare. Mexico and the United States are the only members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which has 34 members in total, which do not have universal health careRead MoreHealth Inequalities And Universal Health Care1259 Words   |  6 PagesPetrovic 02 Dec, 2014 Health Inequalities in US and Universal Health Care as a Solution Health inequality is one of the social inequalities that may cost the lives of people unless backed by corrective policies. Universal health care is one of those tools by which we correct disparities in health care utilization and insure the health of the fellow citizens. World health Organization (WHO) defined Universal health care, also universal health coverage as â€Å"a specific type of health care coverage of all peopleRead MoreWhat Is Universal Health Care?1491 Words   |  6 Pagescan be discussed. The topic that I chose is Universal Health Care. The line of inquiry includes a little bit of history of health care, how health care is important for everyone, how it is a major topic in the United States, Obama’s plan for health care, how trumps plan will not work for Americans and how Arkansans may or may not feel on the topic of health care. The subject is Health Care; my purpose is to argue a position on how important Health Care is. The audience I’m trying to target in thisRead MoreHealth Care At The Universal Coverage910 Words   |  4 PagesWorld Health Organization (WHO) defines a universal health coverage, as a system where all citizens of a country have access to health services without incurring financial hardship. According to WHO, the systems needs to be efficient, has to provide vital medicine as well as technology and medical professionals. The system has to at least meet the basic health needs, including: HIV, TB, maternal and baby/child health as well as various non-communicable diseases. The care under the universal coverageRead MoreUniversal Health Care System Of Universal Healthcare2156 Words   |  9 Pagespracticing a system of universal health care have access to the health services they require, which, consequently, leads to overall healthier populations. Such health services include, amongst other things, prevention promotion, treatment, rehabilitation and palliative care.(who.org) These services are provided with out the risk of monetary adversity or destitution for those who use them. Ease of access to health facilities and care in turn leads to healthier people. Universal health care systems bring the

Essay on Articles of Confederation and Articles of...

Perhaps the greatest service rendered by the Articles of Confederation was the impetus its shortcomings gave to those who favored a strong central government. After the Declaration of Independence, there was a sense among Congressman that they wanted a written document creating a government justifying the existence of the United States. The delegates of the Second Continental Congress were attempting to codify arrangements that had never before put into legal terminology. As a result, in late 1777, the Articles of Confederation, creating a loose league of friendship between the thirteen sovereign or independent colonies, were passed by the Congress and presented to the states for ratification. The Articles created a type of†¦show more content†¦Congress functioned as a legislative body to pass laws and executive body to enforce them if needed. Americans had great loyalties to their states and often did not even think of themselves as Americans. This lack of national identi ty or loyalty in the absence of a war to unite the citizenry fostered a reluctance to give any power to the national government. Congress had no specific power to tax. Articles of Confederation did not allow Congress to regulate commerce among the states or with foreign nations. The Articles of Confederation had no provision for judicial system to handle the growing number of economic conflicts and boundary disputes among the individual states. The failure of the Congress to muster an army to put down the Shayss Rebellion provided a dramatic example of the weakness inherent in the Articles of Confederation and shocked the nations leaders into recognizing the new national governments inadequacies. And, it finally prompted several state delegates to meet in Annapolis, Maryland in 1786 to call for a convention in Philadelphia in may of 1787 for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation. On the first day of convention , Edmund Randolph and James Madison of Virginia proposed the Virginia Plan. Many delegates, including William Patterson of New Jersey, considered these resolutions to be in violation of the conventions charter, and proposed the NewShow MoreRelatedThe Articles of Confederation and The Constitution1238 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment has been defined by two very important documents. Reflecting on all governments of the past, they laid forth an impressive jumble of ideas that would lead the way to where we are today. These two documents are the Article of Confederation and the U.S Constitution. These two documents of precedent are both similar and unique, each with its own pros and cons, and neither being perfect. Both these documents addressed the prominent vital in national vs. state sovereignty, legislative selectionRead MoreThe Constitution And The Articles Of Confederation1373 Words   |  6 Pageswould enforce them? I will address some of the differences between the Constitution and The Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation were designed and formed from the thirteen states that created a Confederation known as the â€Å"league of friendship†; their goal was to find solutions for problems; and one of the first attempts to create a system. The Articles of Confederation was our nation’s first constitution; during the last years of the Revolutionary war, the government had beenRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution921 Words   |  4 PagesConstitution and Articles Analysis The Articles of Confederation and The Constitution were both written I believe to ensue peace in a new nation where great freedoms had just been betrothed upon. Both written within ten years of each other, the main point it was trying to get across was the idea of one nation. They were written by the same people who all in all had similar ideas. There are many differences as well. From the main one being sovereign states, to how many states must approve an amendmentRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution891 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout American history, many Americans assume that too much power is given to one party or the other. The Article of confederation was important in the United States because it affected the way over government functions today. Specifically, under the Article of confederation, the United States was intended to be formed on a basis of Federalism. Within this structure of Federalism, states have their own rights and majority of power with its people. The federal government on the other hand,Read MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution1130 Words   |  5 Pages After America won its independence from Great Britain in 1783, the Articles of Confederation were created to serve as the basis of American democracy. Years subsequent to the creation of the Articles of Confederation, delegates from all states, with the exception of Rhode Island, assembled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to mend the weaknesses the Articles displayed throughout its practice. This meeting on Septe mber 17, 1787, resulted in the newly drafted terms for which the United States democracyRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution2035 Words   |  9 Pagesmove forward and unite the thirteen states as a nation. It was then when Continental Congress met up in Pennsylvania and created a secured a document known as the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation was written on November 15, 1777, and ratified by all thirteen states on March 1, 1781. When the Articles of Confederation were written it had many goals in mind to set and preserve the country with all its freedoms, keeping America an independent nation. Since the states were comingRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution1115 Words   |  5 PagesThe Articles of Confederation were the earliest constitution of the United States. After the United States became fully independent from Great Britain, following the Revolutionary War, the document was created to outline the functions and management of new nation. However, the document established a very weak central government, instead giving the power to the states. To correct the mistake, a new version of such a document was created: the Constitution, which is still in effect today. (Articles ofRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution899 Words   |  4 PagesThe Constitution remains as relevant today as it did over two hundred years ago. Americans have lived their lives through the law of the Constitution of the United Staes of America for several years. The Constitution has kept our nation together and has kept us strong. â€Å"The Constitution defines the United States of America. This greatest of American documents not only establishes our system of government; it limits the power of that government, specifying our irrevocable rights and privileges asRead MoreThe Constitution And The Articles Of Confederation953 Words   |  4 PagesThe first video â€Å"The Constitution Project† – creating a constitution of the founding fathers creating and signing the constitution. This is a large piece of history which because of them, the constitution and the articles of confederation are what make makes Amer ica what it is today, unified. The major learning theme of this video is to understanding what and how these states came together, taxation, laws, and the people behind it. George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison to name aRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution1461 Words   |  6 PagesJesse Ghuman Jason Stratton US History B17 11/15/2015 The Articles of Confederation The first approved document of the United States was the Articles of Confederation. However, after a few years, the Bill of Rights replaced the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. The Articles began the Constitution but the articles had contained a lot of weaknesses so they had to create a new document. Few of the Article of Confederation goals were to bring the states together and establish a strong

DRINKING Essay Example For Students

DRINKING Essay Despite a minimum legal drinking age of 21, many young people in the United States consume alcohol. Some abuse alcohol by drinking frequently or by binge drinkingoften defined as having five or more drinks* in a row. A minority of youth may meet the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for alcohol dependence (1,2). The progression of drinking from use to abuse to dependence is associated with biological and psychosocial factors. This Alcohol Alert examines some of these factors that put youth at risk for drinking and for alcohol-related problems and considers some of the consequences of their drinking. For many people, the facts about alcoholism are not clear. What is alcoholism, exactly? How does it differ from alcohol abuse? When should a person seek help for a problem related to his or her drinking? The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) has prepared this booklet to help individuals and families answer thes e and other common questions about alcohol problems. The information below will explain alcoholism and alcohol abuse, symptoms of each, when and where to seek help, treatment choices, and additional helpful resources. For most people, alcohol is a pleasant accompaniment to social activities. Moderate alcohol useup to two drinks per day for men and one drink per day for women and older people (A standard drink is one 12-ounce bottle of beer or wine cooler, one 5-ounce glass of wine, or 1.5 ounces of 80-proof distilled spirits) is not harmful for most adults. Nonetheless, a substantial number of people have serious trouble with their drinking. Currently, nearly 14 million Americans1 in every 13 adultsabuse alcohol or are alcoholic. Several million more adults engage in risky drinking patterns that could lead to alcohol problems. In addition, approximately 53 percent of men and women in the United States report that one or more of their close relatives have a drinking problem. The consequences of alcohol misuse are seriousin many cases, life-threatening. Heavy drinking can increase the risk for certain cancers, especially those of the liver, esophagus, throat, and larynx (voice box). It can also cau se liver cirrhosis, immune system problems, brain damage, and harm to the fetus during pregnancy. In addition, drinking increases the risk of death from automobile crashes, recreational accidents, and on-the-job accidents and also increases the likelihood of homicide and suicide. In purely economic terms, alcohol-use problems cost society approximately $100 billion per year. In human terms, the costs are incalculable. Alcoholism, which is also known as alcohol dependence syndrome, is a disease that is characterized by the following elements: ? Craving: A strong need, or compulsion, to drink. ? Loss of control: The frequent inability to stop drinking once a person has begun. ? Physical dependence: The occurrence of withdrawal symptoms, such as nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety, when alcohol use is stopped after a period of heavy drinking. These symptoms are usually relieved by drinking alcohol or by taking another sedative drug. ? Tolerance: The need for increasing amounts of alcohol in order to get high. Alcoholism has little to do with what kind of alcohol one drinks, how long one has been drinking, or even exactly how much alcohol one consumes. But it has a great deal to do with a persons uncontrollable need for alcohol. This description of alcoholism helps us understand why most alcoholics cant just use a little willpower to stop drinking. He or she is frequently in the grip of a powerfu l craving for alcohol, a need that can feel as strong as the need for food or water. While some people are able to recover without help, the majority of alcoholic individuals need outside assistance to recover from their disease. With support and treatment, many individuals are able to stop drinking and rebuild their lives. Many people wonder: Why can some individuals use alcohol without problems, while others are utterly unable to control their drinking? Recent research supported by NIAAA has demonstrated that for many people, a vulnerability to alcoholism is inherited. Yet it is important to recognize that aspects of a persons environment, such as peer influences and the availability of alcohol, also are significant influences. Both inherited and environmental influences are called risk factors. But risk is not destiny. Just because alcoholism tends to run in families doesnt mean that a child of an alcoholic parent will automatically develop alcoholism. .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 , .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 .postImageUrl , .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 , .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540:hover , .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540:visited , .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540:active { border:0!important; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540:active , .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John Biggers: The Impact and Significance of Symbolization in African American Art EssayAlcohol abuse differs from alcoholism in that it does not include an extremely strong craving for alcohol, loss of control, or physical dependence. In addition, alcohol abuse is less likely than alcoholism to include tolerance (the need for increasing amounts of alcohol to get high). Alcohol abuse is defined as a pattern of drinking that is accompanied by one or more of the following situations within a 12-month period: ? Failure to fulfill major work, school, or home responsibilities; ? Drinking in situations that are physically dangerous, such as while driving a car or operating machi nery; ? Recurring alcohol-related legal problems, such as being arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol or for physically hurting someone while drunk; ? Continued drinking despite having ongoing relationship problems that are caused or worsened by the effects of alcohol. While alcohol abuse is basically different from alcoholism, it is important to note that many effects of alcohol abuse are also experienced by alcoholics. How can you tell whether you, or someone close to you, may have a drinking problem? Answering the following four questions can help you find out. (To help remember these questions, note that the first letter of a key word in each of the four questions spells CAGE.) ? Have you ever felt you should Cut down on your drinking? ? Have people Annoyed you by criticizing your drinking? ? Have you ever felt bad or Guilty about your drinking? ? Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning to steady your nerves or to get rid of a hangover (Eye opener)? One yes response suggests a possible alcohol problem. If you responded yes to more than one question, it is highly likely that a problem exists. In either case, it is important that you see your doctor or other health care provider right away to discuss your responses to these questions. He or she can help you determine whether you have a drinking problem and, if so, recommend the best course of action for you. Even if you answered no to all of the above questions, if you are encountering drinking-related problems with your job, relationships, health, or with the law, you should still seek professional help. The effects of alcohol abuse can be extremely seriouseven fatalboth to you and to others. Acknowledging that help is needed for an alcohol problem may not be easy. But keep in mind that the sooner a person gets help, the better are his or her chances for a successful recovery. Any reluctance you may feel about discussing your drinking with your health care professional may stem from common misconceptions about alcoholism and alcoholic people. In our society, the myth prevails that an alcohol problem is somehow a sign of moral weakness. As a result, you may feel that to seek help is to admit some type of shameful defect in yourself. In fact, however, alcoholism is a disease that is no more a sign of weakness than is asthma or diabetes. Moreover, taking steps to identify a possible drinking problem has an enormous payoffa chance for a healthier, more rewarding life. When you visit your health care provider, he or she will ask you a number of questions about your alcohol use to determine whether you are experiencing problems related to your drinking. Try to answer these ques tions as fully and honestly as you can. You also will be given a physical examination. If your health care professional concludes that you may be dependent on alcohol, he or she may recommend that you see a specalist in diagnosing and treating alcoholism. You should be involved in making referral decisions and have all treatment choices explained to you. The nature of treatment depends on the severity of an individuals alcoholism and the resources that are available in his or her community. Treatment may include detoxification (the process of safely getting alcohol out of ones system); taking doctor-prescribed medications, such as disulfiram (Antabuse) or naltrexone (ReViaTM), to help prevent a return to drinking once drinking has stopped; and individual and/or group counseling. There are promising types of counseling that teach recovering alcoholics to identify situations and feelings that trigger the urge to drink and to find new ways to cope that do not include alcohol use. Any of these treatments may be provided in a hospital or residential treatment setting or on an outpatient basis. Because the involvement of family members is important to the recovery process, many programs also offer brief marital counseling and family therapy as part of the treatment process. Some programs also link up individuals with vital community resour ces, such as legal assistance, job training, child care, and parenting classes. Virtually all alcoholism treatment programs also include meetings of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), which describes itself as a worldwide fellowship of men and women who help each other to stay sober. While AA is generally recognized as an effective mutual help program for recovering alcoholics, not everyone responds to AAs style and message, and other recovery approaches are available. Even those who are helped by AA usually find that AA works best in combination with other elements of treatment, including counseling and medical care. Bibliography: